How much kinetic energy to kill a deer

Kinetic energy equals velocity squared, multiplied by mass, divided by 450,240. The sum equals the kinetic energy — a.k.a. KE in foot pounds — of an object in motion. ... Just as you can cleanly kill deer with a .22 Hornet, you can also kill elk with wide-cutting mechanicals and light arrows — if everything proceeds according to script ...

Accuracy trumps kinetic energy and momentum of the arrow. You could kill any whitetail deer with a 45 lb bow shooting a 300 grain arrow with a field point. But if you don't hit the vitals it wouldn't help shooting a 500 grain arrow with a 80 lb bow and a 3" head. You might end up with a dead deer but good luck finding him.What is the velocity of a 900-kg car initially moving at 30.0 m/s, just after it hits a 150-kg deer initially running at 12.0 m/s in the same direction? Assume the deer remains on the car. 49. ... How much kinetic energy is transferred to the rifle-shoulder combination? The pain is related to the amount of kinetic energy, which is significantly ...In summary, the ideal FPS for deer hunting falls within the range of 250 to 300 feet per second, depending on your TAW. This balance of speed and weight provides the …The relativistic kinetic energy is given by KE = m 0 c 2 (√(1 − v 2 /c 2) − 1), where m 0 is rest mass, v is velocity, and c is the speed of light. This formula takes into account both the total rest mass energy and kinetic energy of motion.Speed alone is not a good indicator of a bows ability to harvest an animal. The question you should be asking is "how much kinetic energy do I need to humanely harvest a deer?" The general answer to that is something around 45 ft/lbs. Kinetic energy is a factor of the speed and weight of the arrow. The amount of KE produced is easily …3,567. Location. Falls Church, VA. Sep 12, 2010. #3. Although I agree with bigngreen that 1000lbs of energy and a well placed shot will take elk, the conventional wisdom says you need 1500 pounds of energy. So I ran your load in exbal and found that you have 1500lbs of energy at 500 yards and 1000lbs at 800.

A .22LR cartridge is capable of killing a deer if shot placement is accurate; however, a .22LR is not a legal cartridge for hunting deer in almost all US states because it does not have enough power to ethically hunt a deer and ensure a quick kill. Still, let's investigate what would happen if a .22 bullet were shot at a deer.Kintetic Energy Formula. The formula for K.E. as measured in ft./ lbs. is: Mass x Velocity-squared divided by 450,240, with Mass the total arrow weight and velocity is the arrow speed. So let's say you have an arrow that weighs 400 grains that flies at a speed of 290 feet per second. Your equation would look like this: 290 x 290 x 400 / ...The military did not adopt the 5.56 to make humane one shot kills on a 180 lb man. It adopted it to allow soldiers and marines to carry hundreds of rounds to allow for better suppressive fire, more wounds and maims, and some kills. The urban legend is one enemy was killed in Vietnam per 50,000 rounds fired.I had to also ask just because it was accurate out to 200 yards, can it really kill a deer at that distance? He pointed out that the unwritten standard for the required energy to kill a deer-sized game (assuming a well-placed shot) is 1,000 ft-lbs. Remington pretty much nailed that mark with testing showing 968 ft-lbs at the 200-yard mark.Get ratings and reviews for the top 7 home warranty companies in Deer Park, TX. Helping you find the best home warranty companies for the job. Expert Advice On Improving Your Home ...The 1,000 ft.-lbs. standard is not guaranteed to flatten a deer, but provided other factors (like adequate bullet construction) are present, this level of kinetic energy is required to get the bullet into the vitals. And, ultimately, adequate penetration into life-essential organs is the only way to kill game. Whelen's rule was for deer-size game. Kinetic Energy. ft/lbs of Energy. Kinetic Energy is the power potential of the arrow at the target, which is based on the arrow’s weight and speed. Optimal Bow Hunting Kinetic Energy Range: Small Game: 25 ft/lbs. Medium Game (Deer, Antelope): 25-41 ft/lbs. Large Game (Elk, Black Bear, Boar): 42-65 ft/lbs. Big Game (Cape Buffalo, Grizzly Bear ...

Apr 20, 2021 · The unofficial rule regarding minimum KE to push an arrow through a deer is about 40 foot-pounds. Lower-poundage bows are slower than higher-poundage models. So, let’s say the bow is pushing a 350-grain arrow at 265 feet per second. That setup is delivering roughly 54 foot-pounds of KE and .411 slugs of momentum. Jun 2, 2023 · The minimum fps (feet per second) needed to kill a deer with a crossbow is between 250-400 fps. This range provides the necessary kinetic energy to penetrate the hide and reach vital organs of the animal, resulting in an ethical and humane kill. It is important to note that higher speeds can cause too much tissue damage, which should be avoided ... I am building a pair of high performance long range muzzleloaders. My goal is 500 yards with enough energy to kill big bull elk while shooting BH209. Each of these guns have .45 caliber barrels. One is .451" and the other is .458". My hunting ML so far has been a .50 cal Omega with a 300 gr SST with 120 gr by volume 85 gr by weight of BH209.Just the same, a 150-grain bullet at 2,700 fps from a .30-06 is markedly easier to connect at longer range than the .30-30 WCF at 2,200 fps. While velocity is part of the picture, it isn’t everything. Just the same, this all-around hunting rifle has plenty of velocity and penetration. Energy is just a paper number.Ballistics Insights. The 7.62×39's typical 2,350 feet per second muzzle velocity is about 750 fps slower than the 5.56×45's. 7.62×39 ammo will therefore exhibit the same velocity at 300 yards that the 5.56 will at 500. The 7.62 may have a steeper bullet drop, but its heavier bullet delivers about 200 ft lbs more muzzle energy than a 5.56.

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In addition to reaching the target, the bullet should also strike it with a certain amount of kinetic energy in order to "achieve the desired effect" - i.e. neutralizing a threat or humanely killing a deer, respectively. You want your bullet to hit a threat with at least 220 to 300 ft lbs of kinetic energy.The kinetic energy formula defines the relationship between the mass of an object and its velocity. The kinetic energy KE equation is as follows: KE = 0.5 × m × v². where: m — Mass; and; v — Velocity. With the kinetic energy formula, you can estimate how much energy is needed to move an object.Find an answer to your question Lucy and her bike together have a mass of 120kg. She slows down from 4.5m/s to 3.5m/s. How much kinetic energy does she lose?Jul 5, 2021 ... Comments9 · Arrow Flight with Broadheads - The Science of Bowhunting · The Truth about Kinetic Energy and Momentum for Deer Hunting · What Matt...The "best" deer bullet for .243 Win rifles is a 100 grain bullet in a cartridge containing enough powder to propel that bullet/projectile roughly 2900-3000 feet per second (fps). At that bullet weight and projectile velocity, enough kinetic energy is available to make clean reliable kills out to 400 yards. But this isn't the entire story.

Sep 25, 2023 ... How much momentum does... ... Dumpster Shooting, Arrow Penetration, Kinetic Energy, Ballistic gel Playlist click below! ... where to shoot a deer - ...6 Steps to Choosing the Best Crossbow Broadheads. To calculate your arrow's kinetic energy, multiply the arrow speed by itself, then multiply that total by the arrow weight, then divide that by 450,800. The resulting number is the kinetic energy measurement of the arrow in foot-pounds of force. For example, let's say that you have a 370 ...Kintetic Energy Formula. The formula for K.E. as measured in ft./ lbs. is: Mass x Velocity-squared divided by 450,240, with Mass the total arrow weight and velocity is the arrow speed. So let's say you have an arrow that weighs 400 grains that flies at a speed of 290 feet per second. Your equation would look like this: 290 x 290 x 400 / ...The greater the amount of kinetic energy transferred, the larger the temporary cavity. The size of the temporary cavity varies depending upon the interplay of bullet velocity, mass and design (Fig. 3). When fired into a cranium, the vault represents an enclosed container that cannot expand to absorb the kinetic energy, but fractures.And it uses the estimated energy for one shot kills on game. It uses a recommended energy and a minimum energy for each animal. On Elk it recommends 2000 ft/lbs and 1500ft/lbs as a minimum. this is at the Point of Impact. Deer are 1200 ft/lbs and 1000 ft/lbs minimum. These values are conservative but are a good place to start.The 7mm Rem Man and 300 Win Mag cartridge cases are similar in size, but the 300 case has a capacity advantage of about 6 percent. So, with the same weight bullet, the 300 will have a slight ...Kinetic Energy is the energy an object has owing to its motion. In classical mechanics, kinetic energy (KE) is equal to half of an object's mass (1/2*m) multiplied by the velocity squared. For example, if a an object with a mass of 10 kg (m = 10 kg) is moving at a velocity of 5 meters per second (v = 5 m/s), the kinetic energy is equal to 125 ...Aug 10, 2021 ... When I hear someone talking about arrow speeds and what not, 9 times out of 10 they mention how much kinetic energy they are getting. Kinetic ...Kinetic energy is energy in motion. A 150-grain bullet standing still has potential energy. Dropped, it has a bit of kinetic energy, and you'll feel this should it land on your naked toe. Push this same bullet with about 50 grains of Hodgdon 4350 powder behind it, and you won't want to feel it on your toe or anyplace else. It will be ...

A HITS score between 500 and 900 denotes that a cartridge/load is suitable for medium game (50 - 300 pounds). The .30-30 load above has a HITS score of 652, which verifies that this load is suitable for deer-sized game at 100 yards. The second index is the "Guns and Shooting Online Rifle Cartridge Killing Power Formula."

The .450 Bushmaster has 2448 feet pounds of energy. That is plenty to kill a whitetail deer. The energy that it must take down a deer is what allows hunters to reach out to 200+ yards and still make an ethical shot. Trajectory. The trajectory of the .450 Bushmaster shoots a flat line out to 200 yards.Compound Bow: On the other hand, compound bows are capable of producing velocity of up to 270-310 FPS with 60- 100 Foot-Pound of kinetic energy for a successful and ethical kill. However, the Power stroke of Compound Bow is much better than a Crossbow.Black Powder - Kinetic Pulse as Measure of Killing Power - Here is a table of a few rifle and muzzleloading projectiles. They are sort in ascending kinetic pulse magnitude. Kinetic Pulse is supposed to bemeasure which is predictive of the volume of the wound channela projectile will make in a media. The inventor of theThe high velocity .44-40 load would qualify as a minimum deer cartridge today and it can be duplicated by reloaders with strong rifles. Another widely accepted minimum for deer cartridges is a bullet diameter of at least .24 inch. This eliminates a half dozen centerfire .22s that have occasionally been used to kill (and often wound) deer.Energy needed for a clean kill for some of the following animals and not all classified too many to list, just a few samples: 1) Deer & Black Bear 1000 lbs minimum striking force. 2) Elk & Medium game 1500 lbs minimum striking force. 3) Grizzly Bears 2100 lbs minimum striking force. This kinda goes with having a good well placed clean shot.One foot pound equals about 1.36 joule, 0.32 calorie, or 0.0013 Btu. Not enough heat to significantly raise the emperature. We are not talking about 1 ft lb of energy, we are talking about 4800 ftbs. If most of that energy was transfered into thermal energy, it would blister your finger to touch the target or bullet.Surely the massive energy of a 375 H&H, 458 Win. Mag., or 458 Lott will kill a deer instantly every time, right? Don’t count on it. I’ve seen half-grown whitetails take a 50-caliber through the chest and run 25 yards before falling.

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All but the .243 are still carrying the generally accepted 1,000 ft.-lbs. of energy necessary to kill a deer out to 500 yards, which I grant you is farther than we have any business shooting at deer-size gam. At the far more practical distance of 300 yards, which is still a long shot, every cartridge on that list will kill a deer, antelope or ...What you will gain with a 70# bow over a 60# bow is about 20-25 fps depending on the bow. You will also gain 10-13 lbs. of Kinetic Energy. Example of a bow i set up. 29/70 375 gr. arrow at 327 fps = 89 lbs. of KE. 29/60 375 gr. arrow at 302 fps = 75.9 lbs. of KE.Legal issues Section 25 of the Deer (Scotland) Act 1996 exempts individuals from being guilty of any offences involving the taking or killing of deer at any time if it is done for the purpose of. Aim This guide aims to provide advice on the most appropriate procedures for the humane dispatch of injured deer. Legal issues Section 25 of the Deer ...The rare silver-backed chevrotain, an animal that looks like a deer and is as small as a rabbit, has been found Vietnam after being lost to science for 30 years. It’s not a mouse, ...Here are the crossbows that I think are the best crossbow for deer hunting at the moment. 1. Ravin R20 Crossbow Package. Check Latest Price. Specifications | Speed: 430 FPS; Kinetic Energy: 164 ft.lbs; Power Stroke: 13 Inches; Draw Weight: 220 LBS; Axle To Axle: 6 / 10.5 Inches; Length: 34.5 Inches; Weight: 7.1 LBS.The unofficial rule regarding minimum KE to push an arrow through a deer is about 40 foot-pounds. Lower-poundage bows are slower than higher-poundage models. So, let’s say the bow is pushing a 350-grain arrow at 265 feet per second. That setup is delivering roughly 54 foot-pounds of KE and .411 slugs of momentum.The initial K.E. generated at the shot is 71.53 ft./lbs. (To determine how much initial kinetic energy your own bow-and-arrow set-up has at the shot, the formula is which is arrow weight (mass) x velocity squared, divided by 450,240. Most experienced bear hunters I know believe that for averaged-sized bears taken at reasonable ranges — under ...For deer hunting, it is recommended to have a ballistic energy of at least 1,000 foot-pounds to ensure a clean and ethical kill. 1. What is ballistic energy? Ballistic energy is the measure of a bullet’s ability to penetrate its target. 2.500. Although the .44 Magnum offers a little less than half the punch of most popular deer rifles, it still provides enough energy to produce a clean kill on big game. When it comes to handgun rounds, it exceeds the muzzle energy supplied by others. It can also maintain over 500-foot pounds out to approximately 100 yards.Cartridges that deliver 1,000 foot-pounds of energy are sufficient on deer species because they are smaller, thin-skinned and have a much lighter skeletal structure. The general consensus is that for a broadside shot on an elk you need 1,200 foot-pounds of energy and at least 2,000 foot-pounds for any quartering shot.When air moves quickly, that motion means kinetic energy, which can be captured. Learn how the simplest possible wind-energy turbine works. Advertisement It's hard sometimes to ima... ….

It generates 360 fps and as much as 112 ft. lbs of kinetic energy which is enough to take down a smaller tank, not to mention wild game. This bow comes with a Ten Point multi line scope, a 3-arrow quiver, ACUdraw and 3 aluminum practice bolts. ... and it has more than enough energy to kill a deer at that distance. The 4-dotted aluminum scope is ...With little exception, any crossbow in that range should be adequate to kill a whitetail deer at moderate ranges. That said, most of the better hunting crossbows are in the 150 to 175 pounds range, with a few topping out over 200 pounds. In general, bigger is better—or in this case, faster.This Demonstration is a model of a real slingshot, which is based on certain idealizations and omissions of features of the real world. A model's reliability depends on the extent to which its assumptions are valid. We have made three key assumptions: 1. All of the energy stored in the elastic bands is transferred to the stone as kinetic energy ...In general, a good arrow speed for deer hunting is between 250 and 300 feet per second pending your TAW. This range of velocity with the correct arrow provides more than enough kinetic energy and momentum to effectively take down a deer while also maintaining accuracy at typical hunting distances.The killing power of an arrow is measured in Kinetic Energy. Think of it as the force behind the arrow that drives it. More force equals deeper penetration. ... the minimum KE required for deer-sized game is 25 pounds. Most modern bows with at least a 30- to 40-pound draw weight and a 24-inch arrow can achieve that. ... A stand over 15 or so ...Conclusion. It is possible to kill a deer with a .177 air rifle. However, it is not recommended due to the light weight of the pellets and their comparatively low velocity. The pellet may not have enough energy to penetrate …This is the best guide line to use. It is based on the Taylor knock out values and has been the standard energy to recomend for good clean one shot kills. This does not mean that less will not do only that 1000 ft/lbs for deer size game and 1500 ft/lbs for Elk size game works most of the time if the shot is well placed. 2500 ft/lbs is recommended for …Not great, but not terrible. The energy at the muzzle is 1588 ft-lbs. Using "Ballistic", an iPhone ballistic calculator, The bullet will drop to about 375 ft-lbs at 600 meters. The bullet velocity will also still be supersonic at that distance, so the bullet should remain stable for that portion of its flight. How much kinetic energy to kill a deer, (Use M, v_1 for v1, and v_2 for v2 as appropriate.)(b) How much kinetic energy is lost in the. A railroad car of mass M moving at a speed v1 collides and couples with two coupled railroad cars, each of the same mass M and moving in the same direction at a speed v2., For deer, about 900 ft-lb will do but in both cases, more is a bit better because there could be bush in the way or less than optimal placement. Bad things happen. However, the folks who figure 3000 ft-lb is better are just wasting energy as much of that will be dumped in forest/land on the other side after passing through., 10 The diagram shows the path of a stone that is thrown from X and reaches its maximum height at Y. path of stone X6 The stone gains 10J of gravitational potential energy as it moves from X lo Y. The stone has 2.0J of kinetic energy at Y. Air resistance can be ignored. How much kinetic energy did the stone have immediately after it was thrown at X?, The rare silver-backed chevrotain, an animal that looks like a deer and is as small as a rabbit, has been found Vietnam after being lost to science for 30 years. It’s not a mouse, ..., Mar 3, 2019. Messages. 4. My total arrow weight with the 125gr. Broadhead weighs 428 gr. Our shots have been perfect broadside shots, but only punching through one side and not both. I have looking at the Full Metal Jacket 400 @ 10.2 GPI. Which would bring m up to 465g or go to to FMJ 340 @ 11.3GPI and be at 497gr., 8,970 solutions. 2nd Edition • ISBN: 9781711470832 Paul Peter Urone, Roger A Hinrichs. 2,721 solutions. Find step-by-step Physics solutions and your answer to the following textbook question: During an ice show, a 60.0 kg skater leaps into the air and is caught by an initially stationary 75.0-kg skater. How much kinetic energy is lost?., Max Speed: IBO arrow (5 grains/per pound of draw weight). Max Efficiency: arrow ~10-15% over IBO (5.5 grains/per pound of draw weight). Max Energy: arrow ~20% over IBO (6 grains/per pound of draw weight). Shoot three arrows and use the average of the three shots. Enter speed and arrow weight data into the calculator., Part of ethical hunting is knowing the energy your weapon puts out and how much energy you need to successfully harvest the animal you're hunting. In the bow , Pushing a bullet weighing around 700 grains (or more) at velocities approaching 3,000 fps, there's no denying that the .50 BMG really packs a punch. However, many people have also claimed that the cartridge is so powerful that the shockwave from a .50 BMG is strong enough to kill or seriously injure a person, even if the bullet itself misses., Mar 18, 2014 ... I know that for deer you want to be over 40 ... 68 momentum I don't really know how much power that is. ... kinetic energy. Sectional density and ..., Mark the 8-inch kill zone on your target. Shoot at the kill zone from 20 yards with your 20-yard pin. Your first arrow should hit dead-center in the 8-inch zone, since your pin is sighted in for 20 yards. Now move forward 1 yard and shoot again. Keep moving 1 yard closer to the target with each shot., For example, our energy data showed that the .300 blk did not have enough energy to kill a deer just after 150 yards. Now I will not consider the 300 blk a great round for deer, but if the quarry is within 120-150 yards, you can give it a shot and be successful. However, the .300 blk is a perfect hog medicine., Kinetic energy is one of several factors that can impact how far an arrow penetrates into it's intended target, foam or flesh. The formula for calculating kinetic energy reveals that there are two primary variables - mass and velocity, or in archery terms - arrow weight and arrow speed., With that in mind, most hunters would agree that the max effective range of a .243 for deer hunting will be anywhere from 200 to 400 yards. Other external factors will also come into play, from the wind, weather, and shooting position. You also have to consider the skill level of the shooter, so really the maximum effective range will vary from ..., A lot of people consider 1000 ft/lbs of kinetic energy to be the minimum amount of power to humanely kill a deer. If you believe this, then the yardage to make this shot is dependent on your load and velocity. The chart I attached figures a 142 grain bullet with a MV at 2700 (which is a pretty conservative speed)., Kinetic energy figures can be misleading, however, if dissimilar calibers and bullets are compared. The same Remington ballistics table that provided the energy figures for the .270 and .30-06 loads above also shows that the .30-30 factory load using a 150 grain Core-Lokt bullet carries 1296 ft. lbs. of kinetic energy at 100 yards., For deer hunting, popular rifle calibers include .243, .270, .308, and .30-06, all of which offer sufficient power and accuracy for taking down deer. 1. What is the best rifle caliber for deer hunting? The .270, .308, and .30-06 are considered some of the best rifle calibers for deer hunting due to their power and accuracy. 2., A lot of people consider 1000 ft/lbs of kinetic energy to be the minimum amount of power to humanely kill a deer. If you believe this, then the yardage to make this shot is dependent on your load and velocity. The chart I attached figures a 142 grain bullet with a MV at 2700 (which is a pretty conservative speed)., Physics questions and answers. Question 1. a. A proton is fired toward a lead nucleus from very far away. How much initial kinetic energy does the proton need to reach a turning point 10 fm from the nucleus? Explain. b. How much kinetic energy does the proton of part a have when it is 20 fm from the nucleus and moving toward it, before the ..., In the hunting fields, especially in the deer woods, the .300 BLK is an acceptable, if not overwhelming choice. If ranges are kept around 100 yards—much like the .30/30 WCF—things should go right for you. Were I using a Blackout on a deer hunt, I'd most definitely choose a premium hunting bullet in the 125- to 135-grain range, as they ..., The kinetic energy formula works in classical physics, but it starts to deviate from true energy when the velocity approaches the speed of light (c). How to Calculate Kinetic Energy. The key to solving kinetic energy problems is to remember that 1 joule equals 1 kg⋅m 2 ⋅s −2. Speed is the magnitude of velocity, so you can use it in the ..., Physics. Physics questions and answers. A 3 kg toy car sits at the highest point of a 13 m high hill. The car is gently pushed forward until it begins to roll down the slope. Assuming the car coasts freely, without any friction or air resistance, how much kinetic energy (KE) and potential energy (PE) will it have at each of the indicated points ..., Assume the deer remains on the car. 27. ... How much kinetic energy is transferred to the rifle-shoulder combination? The pain is related to the amount of kinetic energy, which is significantly less in this latter situation. (e) Calculate the momentum of a 110-kg football player running at 8.00 m/s. Compare the player's momentum with the ..., Dec 3, 2020 ... Piles of deer have been killed effectively with a 40# traditional bow. As with any weapon you need to know the max distance you can hit a deer ..., We would like to show you a description here but the site won't allow us., The .458 Winchester Magnum will push a 400-grain bullet to 2250 fps or a 500-grain bullet to 2050 fps. The resulting kinetic energies are 4496 and 4655 foot-pounds—respectively—at the muzzle ..., As I understand it, it assumes pretty much perfect headshot placement. 1) Gray squirrel/Fox Squirrel - 4.5fpe. 2) Eastern Cottontail/Swamp Rabbit - 4fpe. 3) Jack Rabbit White, Black, and Jack O' lope - 4.5fpe. 4) Raccoon/ Bandit - 9fpe.. if it's a big one, 10fpe. 5) Virginia Opossum/ County Rat - 10fpe., Fort Shaw, Montana. Aug 26, 2010. #4. Foot Pounds of energy is a VERY poor way to determine if a cartridge will be effective at harvesting a deer or not. Let me explain, I have taken literally dozens of whitetail deer out to 300 yards using a 22-250 loaded with Hornady 55 gr SP bullets loaded to 3600 fps., Here are a couple home remedies you might want to try to keep deer away from your lawn or garden. Expert Advice On Improving Your Home Videos Latest View All Guides Latest View All..., Kinetic energy is energy in motion. A 150-grain bullet standing still has potential energy. Dropped, it has a bit of kinetic energy, and you’ll feel this should it land on your naked toe. Push this same bullet with about 50 grains of Hodgdon 4350 powder behind it, and you won’t want to feel it on your toe or anyplace else. It will be ..., Flatter trajectory assists in better shot placement. kinetic energy facilitates better penetration. There are cartridges that can offer that out to 300yds or out to 1k and beyond. So assuming you can shoot out to 500yds with confidence IE you can hit a 8” circle at 500 yds on the target range., General Archery Discussion. KE for Deer hunting. 50-54 pounds. Votes: 24 18.8% 55-59 pounds. Votes: 10 7.8% 60-64 pounds. Votes: 22 17.2% 65-70 pounds. …, The list that follows is intended to suggest the relative killing power of various hunting cartridges and loads at 100 yards when those cartridges are used appropriately. ( Cartridge, bullet weight in grains, muzzle velocity in feet per second - killing power score at 100 yards.) .223 Remington (60 grain at 3000 fps) - 6.3.